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 How Ethics Differ in Research and Therapeutic Practice

Prior to beginning work on this discussion, read the APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct  (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.in its entirety, paying special attention to standards 8 and 10 that cover ethics in research and therapeutic practice. Oftentimes research methods courses discuss the ethics of research and focus on historic examples of unethical research studies. This discussion of ethics will involve a different focus. The Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. presents information on ethical standards and expectations that apply to specific situations, including therapy and research. Explain the differences between the ethical standards for clients being treated by psychologists in counseling sessions and the standards for conducting psychological research with human participants. Consider your future career in the field of psychology and describe the parts of the Ethical Principles and Code of Conduct (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. you expect to relate directly to your future career. Select and provide the number for one ethical requirement that applies specifically to psychological research and briefly summarize the standard. Explain why this requirement may not apply to a therapy situation.

Guided Response: Review several of your colleagues’ posts and respond to at least two of your peers who selected a different ethical requirement than you by 11:59 p.m. on Day 7 of the week. You are encouraged to post your required replies earlier in the week to promote more meaningful interactive discourse in this discussion. As you formulate your responses, answer the following questions:

• Did your colleague provide a thorough explanation of the differences between the ethical requirements for research versus those for therapeutic practice?
• What differences did your colleague note which you did not list in your initial post?
• Considering the future career your colleague mentioned, did he or she correctly describe the parts of the APA code which would directly relate to that career path?
• What suggestions might you make to your colleague in terms of ethical standards which would apply to this career path?
• Do you concur with your colleague’s choice of ethical standard that applies specifically to psychological research?
  • If so, why? If not, what standards might you suggest your colleague consider that apply specifically to research?
• Did your colleague provide a convincing explanation as to why this standard would not apply to therapeutic practice?
• Can you think of additional explanations for why this requirement may not apply to a therapy situation?

ORG 303 CT 4

Option #1: Ethics of At-Will Doctrine

As mentioned in this chapter, the employment-at-will doctrine has been around for a very long time. It is based on English Common law of the eightteenth century, which said that the length of employment was resumed to be for one yaer when there is work to be done and when there is not. A New York State tratise wirte, Horace Gay Wood, in his book Mater and Servant  (1877), expanded on the doctrine, stating that a hiring with no definitie ending date is a hiring at will. That is, unless both master and servant agree that service was to extend for a specified time, it should be considered an indefinite hiring, and it is up to the servant, should he be terminated, to prove otherwise. From what was then called “Wood’s Rule” came the U.S. interpretation of employment law: an employer is free to discharge individuals at any time for cause or for no cause at all, and the employee is equally free to quit at any time for any reason. 

Many debates have arisen over the years as to the fairness or ethics of such a doctrine. Critics have long featred that it gives to much power to businesses over the lives of their employees. To have such a rule that allows a company to fire even good employees whenever and for whatever reason is unfair and unethical. The doctrine provides little protection to employees who work hard and who work well. And there is little job security in an at-will company. Theretically, employees can be fired just because the supervisor may not like them or because of how they dress or look. An excuse often given to employees who are terminated “at-will” is, ” You just aren’t the right fit for this company.” Then there was a case where an armored truck driver was fired for leaving his post even though he only did so to save someone’s life (Gardner v. Loomis Armored, Inc., April 4,1996). 

Opponents say that from a business perspective, the doctrine provides little incentive for people to work hard, because, if employees can be terminated no matter how hard they work, what’s the benefit of putting in the extra effort? Motivation can even suffer if employees are working under “fear” of their jobs. Finally, because at-will employees are treated differently than “for just cause” employees, critics state taht it is unfair and unequal tremenat under the law, which violates the Fourteenth Amendment. Also, motivation can suffer when employees fear that they can beterminated at any time.

Supporters state that the doctrine provides equal fairness to both the employer and employee when it comes to terminiation of employement. They say it is only fair that if an employee can terminate employment at any time, then the employer should have the same right. They cite the limiations to the doctrine, outlined in this chapter, provide further protection to employees. Supporters further state that the doctrine is not totally free from lawsuits, as evidenced by the lawsuit filed and won by the defendata in the Gardner case cited here. Addtionally, applicants dont have to work for or sign an employment at-will statement at the at-will company if they think the doctrine is unfair. They have the right to seek employment elsewhere.

Read the Focus on Ethics: The Ethics of the At-Will Doctrine in Chapter 7 of Industrial/Organizational Psychology.

Then, write a 2-4-page paper and select one of the two assignment options to accompany your paper:

• Develop a 5-7 slide PowerPoint presentation that corresponds to your pape/  I will handle the slides I just need assistance with the written paper portion. 

Answer the following questions:

• What are other ethical dilemmas in the at-will doctrine?
• Which argument is credible: that of the doctrine’s critics or its supporters?
• What limitations other than those outlined in the textbook should be imposed on the doctrine to make it more ethical and, therefore, fairer?
• Evaluate the fairness of different laws for public and private sector employees (at-will employment versus just cause standards of employment). 

Adhere to the following standards:

• Your paper should be two to four pages in length, not including the title or reference pages.
• Review the grading rubric, which can be accessed on the Materials link for each week.
• Be sure to follow the CSU-Global Guide to Writing and APA.
• Your paper should include an introduction, a body with at least two fully developed paragraphs, and a conclusion.
• Support your interpretation with evidence from the book and at least two peer-reviewed journal articles from the library.
• Your PowerPoint presentation should be 5-7 slides and include a reference list and citations. See the Example PPT Presentation in the Online Research and Writing Lab OR
• Your audio or video presentation should be 10-15 minutes in length and be accompanied by speaker notes and a reference list of citations. Record your presentation with audio or video and upload to Schoology.

Reflection Paper #4

The goal of reflective journaling is to interact with new information that is particularly meaningful to you and to identify resources that will be help you enhance your interpersonal communication skills. As you engage in the assigned readings each week, make note of insights and understanding that emerge and that shed light on the particular communication needs, challenges, barriers, weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, etc. that exist in your interpersonal—personal and/or professional—context.

You will write a total of four reflection papers in this course. Begin each paper with a specific reference or a quote from the week’s assigned readings. Use this reference to anchor your reflections on a personally meaningful topic in first person while drawing upon and synthesizing a variety of course materials. Compare, contrast, or discuss various views on the topic articulated by different authors. The emphasis should be on self-reflecting, however, not merely summarizing or critiquing what you read. Consider the impact of your behavioral blend/personality. Examine insights about yourself, your communication style, and your relationships from the perspective of a biblical worldview and your faith journey. Note that duplicating or significantly repeating discussion board posts is unacceptable.

Each paper should be between 400 and 500 words long. The content should be engaging, substantive, and interesting. It should be written in a focused and concise manner and be well organized with a logic progression of ideas and transitions that are clear and maintain flow of thought. Submit as a Word document, formatted according to current APA style (double-spaced throughout, first line in each new paragraph indented, but without any extra space before a new paragraph, etc.), free of grammar, spelling, and other writing errors. A title page with a title that summarizes your topic is expected, but an abstract is not needed. Use APA style for both in-text citations and the reference page, while making sure references correspond and are correct.